The Wallpaper Yellow

Immediately after I had finished the short story I was a bit taken aback, because, in a general sense, the story is quite peculiar. Of course the strong oddness of the work is possibly a combination of its occurring in a different time period, and the fact that the central character's mental stability is questionable. Undoubtedly, a large factor in the overall odd nature of the story, was the relationship between the main character and her husband. As the story progresses two separate accounts of the husband and wife's relationship emerge, and eventually even the one account diverges. Of course course the first version of the relationship's nature is provided by the main character, in her early calm, and conciliatory state. She remarks that her husband loves her very much, and in his prognosis of her condition has only sought the best situation for her. Contrarily, the second account is that of the reader, who develops a more lucid interpretation from the facts. The husband has locked the main character in a room by herself, with the command to do nothing all day, for a lengthy stretch of time. He will not let her talk to him about it, or even right about how she feels. What's more is that she can see no one, for her husband asserts that contact with "stimulating" people would be bad for her in her current state. Whether this whole set of occurrences appears as add to the reader due to a new more modern general sense of medical knowledge that has clearly grown since the story's time or otherwise, there is a definitive connotation that in actuality the main character and her husband don't have a great relationship. The intentions of the husband in the marriage can be debated, but I feel that he is certainly leaving his wife to her own devices instead of aiding her. The third account of the relationship is given again by the main character, except in this account she has sort of "lost it." A previously hidden animosity towards her husband emerges, and in the instance with hiding the key and that collection of events, she's quite nearly making an attempt at a sort of retaliation in my mind. As a result of this and other circumstances, the relationship isn't a positive one. The husband is overbearing and overprotective as with a dim-witted child, however, he doesn't offer any aid directly. The yellow wallpaper is a very interesting example of a dynamic literary symbol. Initially, I feel that the yellow wallpaper is a physical representation of the main character's mental state. Consider, for instance, she notices only a few blemishes on the stuff until she gradually finds even more flaws, and ultimately ends by ripping it up entirely. The destruction of the wallpaper directly coordinates to the gradual deterioration of the woman's grip on reality. However, with the appearance of the woman behind the yellow paper the symbol takes on a new form. At the time of the woman's appearance behind the wallpaper, the wallpaper becomes a link to general oppressiveness and entrapment, suggested by the fact that it ultimately appears to the main character as bars. Additionally, the imagined woman is basically a projection of the main character's conceptualization of herself, in her current predicament. This can be inferred because there is concise instant in the story where she stops referring to the person formerly behind the paper in the third person, and instead refers to herself as the escaped woman. From the diminutive and unassuming connotation I received from the title, "The Yellow Wallpaper," I could never have assumed that the story would turn out like it did. In the end Gilman has left readers with a stark representation of the effect of confinement and a husband's effect on his wife, all in the scaffolding of an allegory for the oppression endured by women, and the inevitable escape from their bonds despite circumstance.

Critical Essay Response

The essay that I chose was the one in which the author debates the appropriateness of categorizing Ethan Frome as a work of modern tragedy. He presents several interesting arguments to support his point of view, and through reading it I have certainly developed my own position on the issue.
The author contends that Ethan Frome is indeed a modern tragedy, especially when one considers the definitive aspects of tragedy and what Wharton has put in her novel. A tragedy is generally a work in which characters suffer as a direct consequence of the main character's tragic flaw or hamartia. Typically, when thinking about works of tragedy, several works of William Shakespeare are brought up, generally including Macbeth. The author asserts that Macbeth is obviously a tragedy because Macbeth is a potential, but as he is overtaken by his hamartia of lusting for power, he kills Duncan and several others before he meets his end at the hands of MacDuff. The author then asserts that Ethan Frome is similar in a couple of ways. He is a potentially benevolent infallible example of heroism, a characterization provided by Wharton's early description's of Frome, including: "Ethan Frome drove in silence, the reins loosely held in his left hand, his brown seamed profile, under the helmet-like peak of the cap, relieved against the banks of snow like the bronze image of a hero." However, he has a tragic flaw, albeit one that isn't quite so obviously terrible as Macbeth's. In providing an example of Ethan Frome's hamartia the author cites the scene in the novella where Ethan is sitting with Mattie outdoors. "He looked at her hair and longed to touch it again, and to tell her that it smelt of the woods; but he had never learned to say such things." This line, according to the author, articulates Frome's inability in the articulation of himself, a manifestation of his tragic flaw. The consequences of this are evident because, as in any other work that is considered a tragedy, other characters are harmed, namely Frome himself, arguably Zeena, and ultimately Mattie.
After reading the critical essay, I feel that the author was very effective in conveying his position, and his argument was well presented. I say this because the author's goal was to prove that Ethan Frome was a modern tragedy and, taking the simplest route, he provided components and examples of classic tragedy and displayed how Ethan Frome possesses many of the same critical characteristics. As a result I feel the argument that provided the basis for the essay shouldn't even exist. Edith Wharton's Ethan Frome is as much a tragedy as Macbeth or the stereotypical scenario of Romeo and Juliet. Ethan Frome is a character with a capacity for heroism, but contrarily overwhelmed by his hamartia; one that results in the suffering of multiple characters besides himself. In my mind, a more debatable question would be whether Ethan Frome is the protagonist or antagonist because it has been said that, "All that is necessary for evil to triumph, is for good men to do nothing." What did Ethan Frome really do to combat his situation, and in the end; despite intentionality, isn't he as much to blame for the final circumstance as anyone else? These would be my "other thoughts."

Ethan Frome

My favorite example of imagery presented by Wharton in the novel occurs when she writes: "About a mile farther, on a road I had never traveled, we came to an orchard of starved apple trees writhing over a hillside among outcroppings of slate that nuzzled up through the snow like animals pushing their noses out to breathe." I chose this section because I not only really like the imagery presented, but I also enjoy the manner in which it effectively elicits emotion in order to provide a better understanding of one of the novella's underlying themes. The theme represented is certainly one of how the town of Starkfield has an inherent  tendency of stifling life, suffocating it in its literal winters and in its emotional oppressiveness. The cold environment leads to isolation in the winters and an intelligent individual would seek to escape the area at the earliest opportunity, as asserted by Harmon's statement, "Most of the smart ones get away." This concept of imagery eliciting emotion connects directly to, and aids in, understanding the real purpose of imagery. On its face, of course, imagery is simply the description of something observable in a manner that appeals to a reader's senses. Observation of masterful authors, and I'm assuming that Wharton is one of these, will reveal quickly that imagery is a tool capable of doing much more. As I mentioned before, imagery can also appeal to the emotions of the reader, and in so doing, make a connection to themes beyond observable phenomena. Edith Wharton uses the imagery of Starfield's winter as a larger allegory for general stunted potential, loneliness, and sadness. More significantly the winter is a metaphor for the modern state of the novella's namesake, Frome, who has been left as cold and desolate as the Starkfield winter's by yet untold circumstances in his emotional past. Clearly Wharton understand's the true might of imagery and, undoubtedly, more examples of this literary technique shall appear as the class delves deeper into the wintry past of Ethan Frome.

130. Dark Lady Sonnet.

This sonnet offers a pleasant, slightly comical change of paces from the Young Man sonnets. While it is thought that Shakespeare is writing of a real young woman in these sonnets, I am somewhat inclined to think otherwise seeing as I doubt this particular sonnet would be helpful in the endeavor that is a successful relationship. The description of the young woman is outrageous and funny, even though it is summed up with a line that suggests he loves this woman despite the shortcomings he has laid forth for every reader to imagine. The wiry hair, the dun complexion, and her awful breath are presented in direct contrast to aspects of beauty and desirability, and in effect the reader is aware that this woman is awful. The poem is superbly executed as a parody for typical love poetry, and Shakespeare adds to his list of pioneering achievements with this piece of comedic poetry.  

Sonnet 116

This particular sonnet is a commentary on the true nature of love which is really an interesting and complex subject. Shakespeare's overarching belief is that love is not an emotion that succumbs to change, but is instead unfaltering and irrevocable. In classic Shakespearean fashion, a metaphor is used that compares love to one of the most sturdy edifices in all of human architecture: the lighthouse. This comparison assuredly presents the solidness of love, and also introduces a new facet of the emotion as a guiding force. Time is again personified as it is said that love is not time's fool, meaning that love doesn't play to the whims of time as a jester would his employer. Love should persist even to the end of everything according to the poem, and Shakespeare end's aggressively saying that he is inherently correct at the consequence of the default of obviously true occurrences. This method of persuasion, meaning that employed by the couplet, is now a very common type of statement in literature and pop culture.

Sonnet 99

Interesting to note from the outset, that structurally this poem isn't a true sonnet, and the reader can certainly inquire as to whether or not this was intentional done to convey some meaning, an accident, or just an instance of discarding the form in order to say something Shakespeare felt couldn't be omitted. Regardless, this poem again is a prime example of Shakespeare being a pioneer in the realm of poetry. It is a common poetic tactic to compare one's subject to beautiful and desirable things, in an effort to convey their beauty. Shakespeare twists this concept and instead personifies these beautiful things as thieves, usurpers of the beautiful qualities they now possess. In various examples Shakespeare says that the red of roses, the smell, and the beauty of other flowers were all qualities first of the young man, and have been mimicked and stolen away. The poem is ended with the statement that all flowers have stolen their qualities from the young man, and in this way Shakespeare concludes his pioneering commentary on the common subject of beautiful people.

Sonnet 84

Of the sonnet's so far, this poem is particularly difficult to derive a meaning from. It makes a description of ideal individuals in the opening lines, those slow to temptation and the injury of others, as being worthy of the greatest riches and honors. There is the assertion that they are the sole determining factors of their fates, and all other beings are to be not more than servants and underlings in light of their superiority. in the last few lines this poem turns into a cautionary with a series of striking lines. It describes a flower being infected, and in so occurring, the flower is more undesirable than a weed. The purpose of these lines, most likely, were to warn the young man of succumbing to temptations and the behavior of lowly individuals, because in effect he would be no better than those evil people if not worse because he was once so pure. In truth the whole cautionary aspect of this poem is a bit hypocritical and ironic, because it was Shakespeare himself who once urged the young man to procreate at all costs, a detestable action if ever there was one.

Sonnet 73

One of the staples of Shakespeare's poetry is his near genius ability to convey complex ideas effectively through the use of metaphors. The body of this poem is dedicated towards the common idea in Shakespeare's sonnet's of the fading nature of aging, as one's life approaches death. In this sonnet Shakespeare utilizes 3 metaphors in distinct sections of the poem. The first metaphor is dedicated to the idea of life as a progression of the seasons, and in particular it is a description of Shakespeare's position in life as autumn, inevitably approaching what one can assume to be winter and death. An interesting detail in this section is in the second line's description of the falling of leaves, as the division provided by the commas almost suggests the gradual falling of leaves. The second   metaphor is life in comparison to the day. Shakespeare describes himself in the declining segments of the day, or twilight. The third metaphor, the waning fire, is effective and startling, especially so when Shakespeare echoes the truth of how a fire dies due to its ashes, remnants of its "youth". The couplet sums up the metaphors' purpose as a cautionary work, urging the young man to appreciate being young, and realize that eventually his beauty will fade.

Sonnet fityfy (55)

This poem is most similar in structure concerning shift and general idea to sonnet number 18. The central idea, as in 18, is that the poem shall give immortality to the young man, vicariously through the endless chain of those in love that shall read it, and simply through those that have experienced love independently. The quality of this poem that makes it distinct from any other is how Shakespeare describes other attempts at "immortality," monuments, other works of masonry, failing to effectively extend the lives of their subjects, due to the wearing effect of time, which is again personified, only this time as a slut. He contrasts these man-made monuments to his own creation, and states that, for the existence of his work, W.H. shall live to the world's end.

Sonnet 18

This is undeniably one of Shakespeare's, if not the, most widely known sonnet. It is typical in comparing the young man to a summer's day and the obvious beauty of that, but it is interesting in how Shakespeare breaks from the mold and says that even the description of a summer's day isn't adequate in conveying the young man's beauty. Shakespeare advances this idea by remarking on the issues with the summer months such as immoderate winds, and the often blazing, uncomfortable heat of the sun. In the line, "every fair from fair sometimes declines," Shakespeare reiterates the idea that he conveys throughout his sonnets of the decline of beauty in nature. A stark difference in this poem, however, is that Shakespeare begins his optimistic shift earlier than usual. The ninth line is where this shift occurs with the assertion that the young man's beauty will never fade, and that Death shall never have him, which is to say that the young man will live forever.How is this possible? Again in breaking with prior sonnets, immortality  won't be achieved at the accomplishment of any task on behalf of the young man, but instead due to the efforts of Shakespeare in the creation of Sonnet 18.

Sonnet 12

In quite a unique display of what makes Shakespeare so highly revered as a poet, Shakespeare uses specific word choice and the iambic pentameter format to imitate the rhythmic ticking of a clock in this sonnet's opening line. Again, the central purpose of this sonnet is to urge the young man, W.H., to create a child. Shakespeare effectively executes his persuasion by utilizing a bunch of imagery concerning things in nature waning, as a symbol for the gradual waning of life and the onset of death. Shakespeare's excellence as a wordsmith shines through towards the end of the poem in the line, "born on the bier with white and bristly beard." This word has a double meaning,  including the bier upon which bodies of the deceased are borne to their resting places. In the last four lines of the poem Shakespeare begins to articulate on how beauty fades much these other natural things, and personifies time as an inescapable, omnipotent individual. Of course in the final line Shakespeare offers the inevitable solution of having a child as the only means of besting Death.

Sonnet number 2

This sonnet is very interesting and keeps with the recurring theme of many of the early sonnets by advancing the idea that the young man, W.H., must  procreate. The suggestion is made so very compelling as Shakespeare describes aging in strictly negative terms. He talks of winter besieging the young man's brow, personifying time and age as some sort of invader staking claim to the young man's apparently beautiful face. Shakespeare goes on to say in a metaphor, that the young man's face will be comparable to only a weed when he is older, and the negative connotations in that statement are evident. The main idea of the sonnet is introduced as he says that it would be wonderful to be able to say that his beauty lives on in  his child. While this, to me, is nothing similar to immortality, Shakespeare insists that it is, stating that the young man will be able to look at his child and feel the warmth of youth, when in fact he is old and cold. In all Shakespeare is quite persuasive, and it can be assumed that the young man certainly at least considered having a child after having read this.

Sonnet Numero Uno

The central idea of this particular sonnet is that Mr. WH, in being so very attractive, is doing a diservice and quite nearly a crime unto the world by not having children. Of course, this is a bit odd and I feel we have to consider the motives of William Shakespeare's employers: the boy's parents. Perhaps they want him to have children in the hopes of the continuation of this, most likely, wealthy lineage. While Shakespeare effectively drives this sentiment home with the tone of this sonnet, the idea presented is that the boy must procreate at all costs. This would undoubtedly give the boy quite an ego and from a parents prospective I'm not sure if that was the original aim. Shakespeare uses a few very effective contrasts toward the end of the sonnet as he writes of feast and famine and eventually heralds (nearly angelic) and churls (meisers). Overall another beautiful poem, not one of my favorites, but one that effectively presents a concise set of ideas, within the restrictive Elizabethan sonnet form.